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European Biopharmaceutical Review

Protein Crystallisation

FROM 1920s TO THE PRESENT DAY

The idea behind crystalline protein formulation already has a long history. Various formulation and delivery strategies for crystalline protein drugs have been discussed since insulin purification by crystallisation in 1920s, but only the modern recombinant protein technology has multiplied the need for such formulations (1).

Small molecular compounds or drugs have been traditionally purified and formulated by crystallisation, but macromolecular crystallisation is not often thought as a method of production. There is only one pharmaceutical protein crystal product (injectable insulin) on the market at the moment, although crystallisation has clear potential for this purpose (2).

CRYSTALS FOR STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY AND DRUG DESIGN

Structural biology and drug design are currently the major applications of protein crystallisation. Perfect, large (desired dimensions 0.2 x 0.2x 0.2mm) and well diffracting crystals are crucial for X-ray crystallography. Producing the first perfect protein crystal is the bottleneck of this research. Crystallisation conditions are searched using trial-and-error methods in large numbers of microdiffusion experiments.

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Katja Palmunen studied Biochemistry and Biotechnology at University of Kuopio, Finland, and acquired her Master’s degree in Biotechnology in 1999. She has since worked with various therapeutic and nontherapeutic protein applications. Her career began studying treatment methods for hereditary enzyme deficiency diseases at Kuopio University Hospital, where she gained experience with upstream processing techniques by working with production of therapeutic protein in mammalian cell culture. Interest in downstream processing increased when she started at Macrocrystal Oy, Espoo, in 2000. Currently she works as a Project Manager specialising in protein purification and formulation techniques mainly by crystallisation and precipitation.

Kalevi Visuri is a founder and research director of Macrocrystal Oy. He specialises in large scale protein crystallisation and has more than 25 years’ experience in this field. His recent work includes crystallisation and formulation of pharmaceutical proteins. Before founding the company, he worked in the enzyme industry for many years. He graduated with an MSc in Biochemistry from the University of Helsinki. Following this, he worked for the Minerva Foundation, Institute for Medical research, studying vitamin B12 binding proteins. He has also been a visiting scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, studying enzyme catalysis in organic solvents.

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Katja Palmunen
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Kalevi Visuri
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