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European Biopharmaceutical Review
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| The body’s immune system has been known to affect the performance and safety of a drug. Philippe Stas and Ignace Lasters at AlgoNomics assess the industry and its regulatory implications
Most therapeutic proteins, both in clinical trials and on the market, are, to a variable extent, immunogenic. Formation of anti-drug antibodies poses a risk that should be assessed during drug development, as it potentially compromises drug safety and alters such drug characteristics as pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Immunogenicity risk assessment is dependent on the nature of the protein therapeutic, and should be analysed on a case-by-case basis. This article gives an overview of some of the factors central to estimating the likelihood and severity of immunogenicity of a protein therapeutic.
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts against foreign antigens – the host should differentiate ‘self’ from ‘nonself’ antigens. Immunogenicity is the immune response a host mounts against an antigen, such as a protein therapeutic. Typically, immunogenicity is characterised by measuring the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against the protein therapeutic. Experimental evidence from the fast growing number of therapeutic proteins indicates that most administered proteins may induce ADA to some extent. These ADA can have an impact on drug characteristics, including the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and drug clearance rate.
Whilst in many cases the ADA are non-neutralising antibodies, there are many documented cases where the immunogenicity gives rise to neutralising anti-drug antibodies (NAb). These NAbs have a direct effect on the drugs’ function. Apart from the likelihood of observing immunogenicity, the severity of this response has to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, as the immune response ranges from a transient appearance of ADA with no clinical effect to severe lifethreatening conditions. Both industry and regulatory are currently developing immunogenicity risk assessment strategies for protein therapeutics. |
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Philippe Stas is Chief Operating Officer at AlgoNomics. Since 1990, he has been involved in antibody engineering, immunology and bioinformatics research at the University of Brussels. After working as IT Manager for PE Genscope, he joined the team that created AlgoNomics in 1999. Philippe is president of the Belgian Association for Bioindustries.
Dr Ignace Lasters has over 20 years’ industrial experience in protein engineering and structural bioinformatics. Prior to joining Corvas International (currently Dendreon) in 1991, Ignace was responsible for the protein design group of PGS (currently Bayer CropScience). In 1999, he founded the structural bioinformatics and protein engineering company AlgoNomics, after working for the Genscope subsidiary of Perkin Elmer. |
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