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| home > pmps > spring 2003 > spores and sporocides - the ultimate cleanroom challenge |
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Pharmaceutical Manufacturing and Packing Sourcer
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The Threat
The spores we worry about in our cleanrooms can be divided into two major groups:
Bacterial spores - these are bacteria transformed into a more resistant stage
Fungal spores - these are the fruiting bodies of moulds that function like seeds and are almost indestructible
Bacterial spores, endospores, can be formed when certain bacteria (Bacillus, Clostridium) protect themselves against harmful environmental conditions. These harmful conditions could be extreme heat, drought, the presence of chemicals and so on.
The vegetative micro-organism transforms into a dormant organism. Metabolism stops, a dehydrated cell at rest and a complex resistant envelope containing many proteins is formed for protection. When the environment returns to a more hospitable state, the bacterial spore can return to its vegetative state, capable of fermentation and multiplying again.
There are many different types of fungal spores which are mostly thick-walled propagules. Spores are formed in both sexual and asexual manner. The sexual spores, for example zygospores, ascospores and chlamydospores, are especially well known for their thick wall and extreme resistance.
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